Part One: Historical Context

**Chateau des Salles**
Acquired by Jehan Jolly 1565

Historical Context for the Jolly Noble Houses

Charlotte Jolly and her husband, John Bertrand, migrated to Virginia in 1687. Their families knew each other well in France through the Protestant Church of Cozes in which the Jolly children were baptized and where John’s father was pastor. While very little is known of the origins of the Jolly family in western France, an important part of their history in the province is documented through their ownership of five noble houses (logis noble in French) and the estates that went with them. The records documenting the noble houses show that Jehan Jolly, Charlotte’s great-grandfather, was a successful merchant with a noble title. He is first documented in 1563 in records showing him participating in Protestant worship in the town of Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet, located on the Gironde River in the southwestern French province of Saintonge.1This was very early in the history of Protestantism in France. John Calvin, the Protestant reformer who died in the Swiss city of Geneva in 1564, began smuggling pastors into France with the help of the Genevan Company of Pastors in 1555. By 1560 these pioneering ministers, who were trained in Geneva, had established Protestant consistories throughout France.

Jehan Jolly’s embrace of the Protestant faith and his acquisition of noble houses took place during a time of rising turmoil and instability for the French nation. There were three weak and ineffective kings between 1559 and 1589.2 The fast growing Protestant movement was generating fear and backlash among the Catholic authorities of the kingdom. Leading nobles used this power vacuum to compete among themselves for influence and they exploited the religious differences within the population to enhance their personal political ambitions. In 1562, the powerful Catholic Guise family began to orchestrate violence against Protestants with a massacre of Protestant worshipers in the town of Wassy. This immediately set off a series of so-called “wars of religion” led by power hungry nobles claiming to defend their fellow Catholics or Protestants.

An uneasy truce was implemented in 1570 with the royal family, led by Catherine de Medici and her young son Charles IX, playing the role of mediators between the competing parties. The marriage of Princess Margot, the sister of the king, to Henry of Navarre, the highest ranking Protestant noble, in Paris in 1572 seemed to be the centerpiece of the royal peace-making policy. With much of the Protestant leadership gathered in Paris for the wedding, a trap was sprung by Catherine and the Guise faction to summarily kill every Protestant leader in the city. This quickly grew into a general massacre of Protestants that spread to other cities of the kingdom including Bordeaux (only sixty miles from a Jolly noble house). The “religious wars” resumed with more ferocity than before and with Protestants severely weakened because of the killing of so many of their leaders in Paris. Henry of Navarre was kept under house arrest and forced to renounce Protestantism. In this context of religious persecution and violence, Huguenots from the northern and eastern areas of the country were on the move—leaving places where they were a vulnerable minority to find new homes in the Atlantic provinces like Saintonge where Protestants formed the majority.

One of the fronts in the resumed conflict was the 1572-1573 siege of the Protestant city of La Rochelle by a royal army of 30,000 troops. This city, only forty-five miles from a Jolly noble house, received supplies by sea with the help of trading partners in England and finally succeeded in negotiating the withdrawal of the army in July 1573. The survival of the city through this siege established the identity of La Rochelle as the de facto capital of the Protestant movement in France. One of the important turning points in these “religious wars” took place about fifty miles from one of the Jolly noble houses. In 1587 the army of Henry of Navarre, once again the Huguenot military leader, won a decisive victory at Coutras after preparing for battle by singing Psalm 118.

It is within this turbulent and violent historical context that Jehan Jolly (died c. 1599) is documented in Saintonge. By 1563, Jehan was acquiring land and houses along the Gironde River, producing salt along the Seudre River, and advocating for church reform.3 In 1565, he acquired a port on the Gironde River estuary with easy access to Atlantic shipping lanes. By 1576 he was serving as a royal official for the province of Saintonge and possibly for La Rochelle. The noble houses Jehan acquired would anchor his family in Saintonge for five generations and almost 200 years. The most important of these noble houses would brand the family “Jolly de Chadignac.” Jehan’s success as a merchant and royal official in Saintonge strongly suggests he was closely allied with the most powerful family in southwest France, the Protestant rulers of Navarre. Jeanne d’Albret was Queen of Navarre until her death in 1572, when she was succeeded on that regional throne by her son Henry of Navarre.

With the Protestant Henry of Navarre’s ascension to the French throne as Henry IV in 1593, a new era began for Huguenots. Henry brought an end the religious wars by becoming Catholic to unify the kingdom, and then issuing the Edict of Nantes to give Protestants freedom of worship. The edict also gave Protestants the right to fortify key cities and towns in southwestern France to create safe havens for persecuted Huguenots. But in the 1620s Henry’s son, Louis XIII, began to abrogate the terms of the edict by forcing Protestant cities to disarm. When La Rochelle refused to disarm in 1627, Louis and his chief counselor, Cardinal Richelieu, placed the city under a thirteen-month siege—cutting it off from being re-supplied by land or sea. After a large majority of La Rochelle’s inhabitants (mostly Protestants) starved to death, the city surrendered. With the imposition of a Catholic municipal government, many leading citizens of the city fled to the towns of the nearby provinces like Saintonge and Poitou where Protestants remained in the majority. During these years the Jolly noble houses in Saintonge anchored the family in places that continued to be safe havens for Protestants.4

One of those safe havens was the Protestant-majority town of Cozes. In 1650 Paul Bertrand, John’s father, became the minister of the Protestant Church of Cozes. By the early 1650s Charles Jolly, Charlotte’s father and a grandson of Jehan, was married to Judith André, daughter of a Huguenot merchant and elder in the town of Saujon. Charles and Judith were members of the Cozes Church and clearly identified in the parish records that document the baptisms of their children. In 1660 Paul Bertrand baptized their infant daughter, Charlotte, a few months before his death.

When Louis XIV took personal control of his kingdom in 1661, he further abrogated the Edict of Nantes by outlawing the public singing of psalms, encouraging lawsuits against Protestant congregations that forced many to close, and jailing or banishing Protestant pastors accused of illegally admitting Catholics into their services. In 1683 Jean Masson, the minister who replaced Paul Bertrand at Cozes, was jailed, tried, and banished from the kingdom.5 In 1681, the government launched a policy of forced conversions of Protestants through the Dragonnades—quartering soldiers in the homes of Huguenots to harass them and destroy their property until they signed documents renouncing their Protestant faith. In the fall of 1685, Louis outlawed Protestant worship, ordered the destruction of all Huguenot churches, required all citizens to become Catholic, ordered all Protestant ministers to leave the kingdom, and made it a crime for Huguenot lay people to emigrate with their pastors. By this time two generations of Jehan Jolly’s male descendants had served Louis XIV as military officers (long a prerogative of the French nobility).

While 150,000-200,000 Protestants disobeyed their king by leaving France, those who stayed behind were derisively labeled “new Catholics (Nouveau Catholiques in French)”— people who publicly accepted Catholicism, while practicing their Protestant faith with their families and closest friends in the privacy of their homes. Some of Jehan Jolly’s grandchildren and great-grandchildren, including Charlotte Jolly and three of her siblings, escaped from France in 1685. But for Jehan’s descendants who were left behind, the noble houses would be their homes and their sanctuaries for clandestine Protestant worship.

Atlas de la France Illustree — Detail, *Atlas de la France Illustrée, Nouvelle Edition, Paris*
Jules Rouffe, 1881-1884
Detail of Saintonge Coastline Along the Gironde River
Locations of four Jolly Noble Houses are shown by number: Saint-Denis (1), des Salles (2), Chadignac (3), Vizelle (4)

Part Two: Acquisitions of Jehan Jolly

1. Pommiers Estate, Pommiers-Moulon, France

Jehan Jolly’s first documented title, Sieur de Pommiers, suggests his first home was an estate in what is now Pommiers-Moulon, a commune located south of the Saintonge town of Jonzac.6 It is possible Jehan was part of the Jolly de Loudon family. The Jollys de Loudun were merchants, provincial nobles, and government officials who were established near Loudun in Poitou, about 100 miles north of La Rochelle, in the early decades of the sixteenth century. While some members of this family stayed in Poitou, French researchers have identified prominent Jollys from Loudun migrating south to La Rochelle, Bordeaux, and the province of Saintonge by the end of the sixteenth century, including the Jollys de Saint-Eugene and Jollys de Archiac— two Saintonge towns located within thirty miles of Cozes. Researchers have described the Jollys de Loudun as fiercely Protestant.7 Jehan could well have been a Jolly de Loudun given his geographical proximity to them and how closely he fit their family profile.

Pommiers was acquired by another family by the end of the sixteenth century. The building that exists today was re-constructed in the eighteenth-century and is privately owned.

2. Saint-Denis Estate
Saint Remy Manor
Chenoc-Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet, France

Sometime before 1563, Jehan Jolly acquired Saint-Denis in Chenac-Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet.8 This Saintonge estate lies on the Atlantic coast of France along the Gironde River estuary about five miles from the town of Cozes. Marie Regnault, widow of Guillaume de Jagnonas, issued a receipt for the property to Jehan Jolly, Sieur de Pommiers and Sieur de Saint-Denis.9 A later source recorded Jehan’s wife as Hely Louverot.10

The Chateau de Saint-Denis, with its panoramic view of the Gironde River, is believed to have originally been a monastery that was partially destroyed and then fell into disuse during the Wars of Religion. Jehan was apparently the second Protestant to acquire the property. While the details of the descent of the property after Jehan’s death are not known, sources suggest Jehan owned it at the time of his death about 1599, when his widow, Madeleine Grelaud, became the proprietaire. About 1630, Jehan’s son Jean Jolly most likely assumed control of Saint-Denis and passed it to his son Jacques by the middle of the seventeenth century. Jacques Jolly, Sieur Denfie, was the brother of Charles Jolly and the uncle and baptism sponsor for Charlotte Jolly in 1660.11

Jacques Jolly witnessed a marriage contract in 1675, but by 1680 the property was listed with his son Pierre, an officer in the military of Louis XIV.12 In 1689, Damoiselle Susanne Jolly, the widow of Jean Peleton and apparently a daughter of Jacques, signed a rental contract for a three-year lease of some of this land, including the livestock. Susanne’s identity as a “new Catholic” is confirmed by the presence of the local priest who witnessed the document. By 1689, the Saint-Denis chateau had apparently fallen into disuse. The family was then living in a manor house called Saint Remy, identified as the “noble house” in the lease document. In this record, the Saint-Denis name referred to the estate and not to the house. Susanne Jolly was also documented living at Saint Remy in 1692.13 According to one source, Susanne died in 1700. While the names of these noble houses changed over time, the documents consistently locate them at Chenoc-Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet. One source states that this property passed out of the Jolly family about 1720. Saint Remy exists today as a private property and it is not open to the public.14

3. Chateau des Salles
Saint-Fort-sur-Gironde, France

Jehan Jolly purchased the Chateau des Salles from Nicholas de Vallée and his mother Marie de Blois for 25 livres (French silver coins) and some property, including salt marshes on the Seudre River, on June 27, 1565. The record identifies Jehan as Sieur de Pommiers, lists his wife as Hely Louverot, and states that he was living at Chenoc-Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet at the time he made this purchase. According to the record, Jehan was also purchasing the channel and port of Maubert—a shipping station on the Gironde River with a functioning windmill and easy access to the Atlantic Ocean. Located just a few miles from Saint-Denis (about seven miles from Cozes), this property enabled Jehan to expand his coastal presence and enhance his shipping capabilities. The fact that he was trading salt marshes to pay for this chateau and port indicates he owned land along the Seudre River and suggests he had been producing salt—a leading commodity of the region that was exported through La Rochelle to other parts of France and to Europe. Jehan’s acquisition of a port further suggests he was shipping his own salt and possibly other local commodities to La Rochelle and Bordeaux. The ownership of a port also put him in position to charge shipping fees to other merchants and local producers who used it. The sources offer conflicting signals about how long the Chateau des Salles remained in the Jolly family. One suggests the chateau was no longer a Jolly property by the early decades of the seventeenth century.15 Another source, however, identifies Jehan’s son Jacques, who died in 1644, as the Baron des Salles suggesting it remained in the Jolly family into the mid-seventeenth century. According to this source, Jacques also held the neighboring property of Besné ou Baine in Chenac. It is possible members of the Jolly family retained the the port and some surrounding land without the chateau.16

The Chateau des Salles continues to exist with a mostly nineteenth-century structure that includes some elements from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is now a four star hotel with a restaurant in Saint-Fort-sur-Gironde, a popular French coastal vacation destination (www.chateaudessalles.com).17 The port of Maubert is now a public park with expansive views of the Gironde estuary where small boats are moored.

**Detail, Claude Masse Map of Saintonge, 1718**
Showing the Port and Channel of Maubert Acquired by Jehan Jolly in 1565

4. Le Grande Chadignac
17100 Saintes, France

Jehan Jolly purchased Le Grande Chadignac in 1576. The record identifies him as the Sieur de Saint-Denis living at Saint-Seurin-d’Uzet, suggesting he no longer held the fief of Pommiers.18 He paid 4,000 livres (French silver coins of the time). The purchase of Chadignac required a significant investment.19 According to one historian, 3,000 livres would have purchased one of the finest villas in La Rochelle at the end of the sixteenth century. This record confirms that by 1576 Jehan was a member of the French nobility who was also a successful merchant and businessman with substantial liquid resources at his disposal. The estate of Le Grande Chadignac was located near the ancient western gateway to Saintes, the Roman Arch of Germanicus. Saintes was the largest city of Saintonge and the Roman and seventeenth-century capital of the province. It is about twenty miles inland from Jehan’s coastal properties and fifty miles from La Rochelle to which he had easy access by way of the Charente River. With Jehan’s acquisition of this important chateau near Saintes, his family would be branded “Jolly de Chadignac.”20

This 1576 record also states that Jehan held a royal position entitled, “Clerk of the financial jurisdiction of Saintonge and the city and government of La Rochelle.” The specific nature of this documented professional position is difficult to ascertain given that La Rochelle was not subject to the governance or taxing authority of any ecclesiastical or parliamentary authority during the sixteenth century.21 It seems likely that Jehan was keeping track of information needed for the assessment of taxes (perhaps the royal salt tax) in the province of Saintonge (and maybe for the region surrounding La Rochelle). This royal appointment is confirmed by a second source that identified him as a comptroller in Saintonge.22 While France was very loosely governed under weak monarchs in the late sixteenth century, every province and many cities had military governors and administrative positions that were in theory appointed by the king. But these officials were more often chosen through a patronage system directed by the most powerful nobles in each region of the kingdom. Because the Albrets (kings/ princes of Navarre and governors of Guyenne) had considerable influence and authority regarding royal appointments in Poitou and Saintonge, it is unlikely Jehan could have assumed this appointed position without their approval.23 Jehan appears in the records as the Wars of Religion were causing some shifting in the client relationships among the leading nobles. It is possible Jehan’s steadfast Protestant identity enabled him to strengthen his relationship with the Protestant Albrets.24

It may be significant that Jehan acquired Chadignac a few years after the 1572-1573 siege of La Rochelle by a royal army of 30,000 troops. The presence of a such a large royal army outside the gates of the city for eight months would have caused the price of food and other supplies in Saintonge to increase dramatically. Jehan was well positioned to reap large profits from the salt and other commodities he was producing and the supplies that were moving through the Port of Maubert which he purchased in 1565. Any favors he provided to combatants on either side of the conflict could also have paved the way for the royal office he held by 1576. One of the participants in the siege was the leader of the Albret family Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV). Henry was an unwilling member of the royal army while under house arrest following the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Protestants a few months earlier.25

Jehan’s royal appointment and acquisition of Chadignac may also have been facilitated by his relationship with Jean de Pons, Seigneur de Plassac (1535-1589), whose Chateau de Plassac was about twenty miles from Cozes. Jean de Pons joined the Huguenot party in 1568 and led a company of two hundred men at arms who fought for the Protestant cause in the Wars of Religion. One website identifies Jehan Jolly de Chadignac as a captain serving with de Pons. In 1574, Jean de Pons led a force into the town of Pons (eighteen miles from Sant-Denis and fourteen miles from Chateau des Salles) to drive out his Catholic cousin and assume control of the city for the Protestants. That same year, Jean de Pons led a Protestant military contingent that failed to dislodge the Catholic defenders of the fortress at Montagne-sur-Gironde, located only three and a half miles from Saint-Denis and four miles from the Chateau des Salles. Henry of Navarre later appointed de Pons the Governor of the city of Pons and the military commander of Saintonge and Angoumois. Navarre could well have appointed one of de Pons officers as the clerk of the the financial district of Saintonge. These connections would have strengthened Jehan’s hand in purchasing an important estate like Chadignac.26

The Chateau de Chadignac presently has a mix of sixteenth through nineteenth century construction with a slate roof and corbeled turret. The noble house is privately owned and is not open to the public. The Chadignac name survives in Saintes through a section of the city called “Petite Chadignac” (which apparently encompasses some of the grounds of the original estate), the Lycée Chadignac (an agricultural school in Petite Chadignac), and the Bois de Chadignac (a wooded area that was apparently part of the original Chadignac estate). Saintes has some significant Roman ruins and the foundation of a Roman villa is believed to exist near the noble house of Chadignac.27

With the acquisition of this property, Jehan assumed the title of Seigneur de Chadignac and passed the title and the estate on to some of his descendants—including the grandfather, father, and brothers of Charlotte Jolly. Two sources state that Jehan died in 1599 leaving his estates in the hands of his widow until his son, Jean Jolly, Charlotte Jolly’s grandfather, was of age or perhaps had returned from military service.28 At the time of Jehan’s death, he was married to Madeleine Grelaud. In the home of Madeleine’s brother in Saintes, she signed a 1601 wedding contract for Jehan’s daughter, Jeanne, promising a dowery of 5,000 écus (a French gold coin of the time worth between three and five silver livres). The apparent value of this dowery suggests Jehan left his family significant wealth in the form of cash and real estate. It may be that Jehan’s son Jean divided his time between the Chadignac and St. Denis estates. The evidence suggests Jean left Chadignac to his son Armand and Saint-Denis to his son Jacques (as previously noted). At Armand’s death, sometime after 1673, Chadignac went to Jean’s son Charles.29

By the end of the seventeenth century Chadignac was a Charente River Valley wine producing property. On January 4, 1692, a few months before Charlotte Jolly and her husband John Bertrand purchased a plantation on the Rappahannock River in Virginia, Judith André, Charles Jolly’s widow and Charlotte’s mother, was a “new Catholic” living in Saintes at “the noble house” of Chadignac. On that day, she signed a contract to sell vine cuttings from the family vineyards to a grain merchant. Her son Jean, also a “new Catholic,” was present and witnessed the document. By January 1700, Jean Jolly was the Seigneur de Chadignac, possibly inheriting the estate from his brother Charles. Charles was a captain in the Piedmont regiment of the French army in 1686 and may have been killed at the 1693 Battle of Neerwinden that took the lives of many of the officers of the regiment. Jean Jolly married Marianne Horry. When he died without issue in 1743 Chadignac went to a Jolly relative and likely descendant of Jehan Jolly named Louis Daulnis.30

Part Three: André Family Acquisitions

Vizelle Manor
Grezec, France

About 1640 Abraham André, a merchant and Huguenot elder from the Saintonge town of Saujon, and his wife Jeanne Richier acquired the Vizelle Manor located at Grezac, a few miles north of Cozes. With the marriage of their daughter Judith to Charles Jolly about 1654, Vizelle became another Jolly noble house.31

The Cozes baptism register shows that Charles Jolly and his family were living at Vizelle from 1655 to at least 1668. The documentation of Charles’ brother Armand as Seigneur de Chadignac as late as 1673 suggests Charles remained at Vizelle for almost two decades before making the move to Chadignac. Most of Charles and Judith’s eleven documented children, including Charlotte Jolly, were born and spent most of their childhoods at Vizelle.32 With Charles Jolly’s death in 1691, a few years after he became a “new Catholic,” the ownership of Vizelle (along with Chadignac) most likely passed to Charles’ oldest son and Charlotte’s brother Charles, who was a captain in the army of Louis XIV during the Nine Years’ War. By January 1700, Charlotte’s brother Jean had inherited the manor.33 When Jean died childless in 1743, Vizelle went to Jacques de Livinne, who was identified as the husband of Madeleine Jolly. Jacques de Livinne may actually have been the son of Jean Jolly’s sister Madeleine who married Jean de Livinne. The Livinne family had previously owned this estate in the sixteenth century. The residence that currently exists at Vizelle is a nineteenth-century structure with a large courtyard and several out-buildings. It is privately owned and is not open to the public.

La Grosse Pierre
An André Family House in Arces, France

While the Jolly family never owned La Grosse Pierre, Charlotte Jolly knew it as the home of her maternal grandmother, Jeanne Richier (d. 1700). Jeanne was the widow of the wealthy Saujon merchant and Huguenot elder, Abraham André (d. 1645). Located in the town of Arces, this noble house was a short distance from both Cozes and Grezac. Jeanne Richier acquired the home about 1670, when Charlotte was ten years old, in a move that put her much closer to her eleven grandchildren in Grezac. This large home, located just outside the town in 1670, was reconstructed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and currently serves as a conference center.34

Notes:

1H. Patry, “Une Chronique De L’Etablissement De La Reforme,” Bulletin Historique et Litteroire 1 (Society de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Francais) 50, no. 3 (15 Mars 1901), 143, and 152-156.

2Francis II ruled from 1559 to 1560, Charles IX from 1560-1574, and Henry III from 1574-1589. Henry IV struggled for recognition as king from 1589 until his coronation in 1594.

3Patry, “Une Chronique De L’Etablissement De La Reforme,” 143.

4For families who migrated from La Rochelle to the Cozes area of Saintonge at the time of the tragic 1628 siege of the port city, see Lonnie H. Lee, “The Transatlantic Legacy of the Protestant Church of Cozes,” The Huguenot Society Journal 32 (2019), 41-42.

5Ibid., 46.

6Frédéric Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis: La Charente-Maritime (Prahecq, France, 2008), vol. 2, 141.

7Cahier de Genealogie Protestante, Supplément au Bulletin Société de L’Histoire du Protestantisme Francais 14 (janvier-mars 1981), 83-84; P. L. Coyne, “Dictionnaire des Familles Protestants en Bordeaux,” 121-127, Bibliothèque de la Société de L’Histoire du Protestantisme Francais, Paris.

8Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis, vol. 1, 137. In September 1563, Jehan Jolly was identified as the Sieur de Saint-Denis when he served as baptism sponsor for Ezekiel Moreau, Patry, “Une Chronique De L’Etablissement De La Reforme,” 155.

9Suire Yannis, Region Poitou-Charentes, Inventaire du patrimoine culturel; Bulletin de la Société des Archives historiques de la Saintonge et de l’Aunis, 1880, t. 7, 455.

101J 115, ADCMLR; Yannis, Region Poitou-Charentes, Inventaire du patrimoine culturel.

11Cozes Baptism Register, I-43, 20, Archives Departmentales Charentes-Maritime, La Rochelle (ADCMLR).

12File for Daulnis Famille, G34/D2, SHPF; Ch. Dangibaud, Minutes de Notaires, C224, ADCMLR.

13Notaire Drouard, 1689, 3E 44/11, folio 66, ADCMLR; Dangibaud, Minutes de Notaire, C224, ADCMLR. The Susanne Jolly who was the sister of Jacques and Charles could not have been the Susanne in these Saint-Denis records because her husband was Louis Daulnis and she had already fled to England.

14gw.geneanet.org; Caviar-et-pinau.monsite-orange.fr/chenoc/index.

151J 115, ADCMLR; Yannis, Region Poitou-Charntes, Inventaire du patrimoine culturel.

16gw.geneanet.org.

17Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis, vol. 2, 517

18A 1569 record lists Baptiste Jolly as Sieur de Pommiers, Patry, “Une Chronique de L’Etablissement de la Reforme,” 143.

19Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis, vol. 2, 657.

20Ibid; Bulletin de Saintonge et d’Aunis (1898), 166.

21Kevin C. Robbins, City on the Ocean Sea: La Rochelle, 1530-1650 (Leiden, 1997), 27-30.

22Documents Sur La Famille de Queux Au XVII Siecle, Extraits des archives de Saint-Hilare a Soubise.

23Jean Paul Barbier-Mueller, Warriors of the Word: A History of the French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598 (Geneva, 2006), 18-20; Robert R. Harding, Anatomy of a Power Elite: Provincial Governors of Early Modern France (New Haven, 1978), 5.

24Sharon Kettering, “Clientage During the French Wars of Religion,” Sixteenth Century Journal 20, no. 2 (Summer 1989), 221-239.

25Barbier-Mueller, Warriors of the Word, 128-131.

26wikiwand.com; jm.ouvard.pagesperso.orange.fr; dewiki.de/Lexikon/Plassac; Mark Sequin, nicolebertin.blogspot.com.

27Yannis, Region Poitou-Charentes, Inventaire du patrimoine culturel.

28Wagner File on Jolit, Huguenot Library, University College, London; Documents Sur La Famille de Queux Au XVII Siecle, Extraits des archives de Saint-Hilare a Soubise. Both sources identify Jehan’s widow as Magdeleine or Madeleine Creland or Grelaud. She was presumably his second wife. The archives de Saint-Hilaire documents a 1601 contract for the marriage of Jeanne Joly, to Jacob de Queux.

29Charles Jolly is identified as Seigneur de Chadignac in the Wagner File cited above and Chateaux, Manoirs, et Logis, Charente-Maritime, éditions association Promotion Patrimonies, Niort, 1993.

30Dangibeaud, Minutes de Notaires, C224, ADCMLR; Notaire Bargignac, 1692, 3E 128/49, folio 23, ADCMLR. For Charles Jolly’s service as a captain of a French regiment in 1686, see “Revue de Saintonge & d’Aunis,” Bulletin of the Society of Historical Archives, vol. 15, 240.

31Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis, vol. 1, 144.

32The Cozes Baptism Register identifies the children of Charles Jolly and Judith André as Charles, Henry, Judith, Jean, Charlotte, Alexander, Marie, Henriette, Elizabeth, and Jeanne. Other sources add Madeleine as their oldest child. Records indicate that Henry, Charlotte, Marie, and Elizabeth emigrated about 1685 and that Madeleine, Charles, and Jean remained in France.

33Dangibaud, Minutes de Notaires, C224, ADCMLR.

34Chasseboeuf, Châteaux, Manoirs, et Logis: La Charente-Maritime, vol. 1, 132.

The Jolly de Chadignac Noble Houses, 1563-1743

Part One: Historical Context

Part Two: Acquisitions of Jehan Jolly

Part Three: André Family Acquisitions

Notes:

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The Jolly de Chadignac Noble Houses, 1563-1743

Part One: Historical Context

Part Two: Acquisitions of Jehan Jolly

Part Three: André Family Acquisitions

Notes:

The Jolly Family of Saintonge

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